What most people don’t realize is that the Hudson River is, in many ways, a hidden fjord-one of the southernmost on the planet, sculpted thousands of years ago by massive glaciers grinding their way toward the sea. As those ancient ice sheets carved deep, steep-sided valleys into the landscape, they left behind the dramatic geology that now defines the river’s lower half: sheer cliffs, deep waters, and a channel far more like Norway than what you’d expect in New York. This glacial lineage gives